Valley villages were typical chain villages based on the land layout of the so-called forest fiefs and street houses. Especially the villages located in the mountainous terrain have the character of very stretched chains, with visible buildings on both sides of the road. There are also multi-way villages in the field. In the remaining Doliniański area, we often meet villages with a visible regular pattern of fields. This arrangement is associated with the Polish settlement in this area and the former Ruthenian settlement. It often transformed into a multi-line system, which was caused by family divisions of land. The way of building homesteads was a noticeable and distinguishing element of Dolinians from other ethnographic groups in this part of Podkarpacie. They were mainly single-building homesteads, in which all its components, i.e. the hall, the chamber, the chamber with the alcove, the stable and the playing field, were located under one common roof. The valley homesteads had a layout of rooms and a half along the way. On one side of the hall there was a room with a chamber (alcove), and on the other side there was a stable and a playing field. What distinguished Dolinian was the recess discovered on one side. It was created by retracting the front wall across the width of the stables (less often the stables and the chamber). Similar cottages, but without an alcove, were also present throughout the area. The resulting wide cut in the building structure connected the residential part with the farm part and made it possible to avoid going outside the building. Such a place was used to perform minor repair works or to conduct other economic activities. The cottages were built of coniferous wood, mainly fir. The oldest buildings were built of round log fields, tying them at the corners to the oblaps. In the nineteenth century, the logs were split lengthwise into two parts and hewn from the outside, obtaining the so-called plenums. At the beginning of the 20th century, square timber began to be used more and more often. The reason was the change in the way of joining wood at the corners on the so-called fish tail. The frameworks of the cottages were commonly painted entirely with lime. Sometimes a blue dye (ultramarine) was added. In some villages there was rich lime ornamentation on the gates or doors, which were previously mostly covered with yellow clay. Salty rye thatch was commonly used for roofing in the cottages of the Dolinian ethnographic group. The roofs were hipped, often with a shingle ridge. In many villages, especially at the beginning of the 20th century, newer gable roofs with wooden gables became popular. At the bottom of the top there was a small canopy, the so-called an apron covered with shingles. You can meet the term "cap". Few of the existing granaries were recorded in the study area. If they have already occurred in towns to the west of Sanok. Most often, they were granaries with one interior, with basements or placed on stones in the corners. The carcass construction with a three-slope thatched roof. The one from the front was based on two pillars. Such buildings came to be called chambers. The granaries built in the 20th century already had gable roofs, which were covered with tiles, metal sheets or roofing felt. There are, however, brogs, in some villages in large numbers, with the lower part built on a framework, used as a stable or a chamber. Particularly in middle-class and wealthy farms, there were shafts with closed pits. There was also a platform with a bridge on stilts. In this way, additional space was obtained, which was used as a stable, coach house or a shed for tools. The brogs were built in such a way that poles were placed between the intersecting remains of the log, digging them into the ground. The roof was hung from the posts with twisted springs. This solution made it possible to raise or lower the roof depending on the amount of hay or straw. Rarely, whole sheaves of grain were stored in this place.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, chimneys were commonly used in Doliniański cottages to discharge smoke outside the building. In some places the interior of the kurne disappeared at the end of the 20th century, in others it survived until World War II. In the immediate vicinity of Sanok, there were already common two-room houses with a built-in stove in the kitchen and recessed as an alcove heater. In the interiors of the valley, furnaces made of clay field stones were used to heat the room. It is noticeable that these interiors are two-room (alcove). In this case, the stove was usually placed on the right side of the entrance, and it was connected to a heating stove in the alcove. In the room that served as a kitchen, the stove was equipped with plates for cooking meals and a bread pit in which bread was baked. Chimneys were used to exhaust smoke to the outside. A heating stove with its own hearth was used to heat the alcove. In the rooms, both the stove and the walls are whitewashed with white lime. A wide bench was partially embedded along the furnace. It was used primarily for placing dishes on it. The baking oven was also used as a sleeping place. In the furnishings of the room, an important place was occupied by a table that was placed diagonally across the stove, surrounded on three sides by backrest benches. All rooms, including the stove, were whitewashed with lime. The older arrangement of the interior of the rooms was diagonal (a table diagonally across the stove, benches by the walls), it was decorated with a row of paintings on the wall opposite the entrance. The smaller room was called "wankir, walkierz" and was used mainly for sleeping. There were two beds along the longer wall, between them a table and benches or carpentry chairs next to it, a chest for clothes near the stove. In the 1930s, some changes could be noticed in the interior design. There is a "couch" or a bench with a decorative cut-out backrest and a pull-out drawer. It was placed in a room instead of one bench or in an alcove and used for sleeping. The box was moved to the hall, replacing it with a trunk with parted upwards sides and a slightly convex lid. At the same time, chests made in Rymanów, decorated with a painted motif of a flower in a pot, with half-columns and pilasters, also appeared in use. Often these are also chests decorated in the upper edge of the front field with a frieze made of flat-sculpted oak leaves (product Falejówka). There was also a spoon rack on the wall near the stove. This wooden handle with holes drilled into which spoons were inserted could take various decorative forms. Among the furnishings in the room, there was also a cupboard, most often placed at the entrance to the alcove or on the opposite side of the stove. A cupboard was a wooden cabinet used for storing dishes. The room was equipped with a few loose benches and low stools. The room was decorated with a row of religious oil prints, they were hung on the wall opposite the entrance. In the kitchen, where the life of the whole family was concentrated, there was often no floor, only earthen planks. Wooden floors began to be inserted in the alcoves. The hall performed an economic and communication function. There were burrs, neighbors, a crater for grinding the groats, a bench with clay pots, wicker baskets, tables, kettles and putnias. There were firewood, small tools and a horse's harness on the walls. In the chamber there was a barrel with sauerkraut, small household utensils, bunches of dried herbs hung on the wall, clothes and a ladder to the attic on a bar. The homesteads were fenced mainly so that pets did not leave the plot. The fences that were used were mainly poles or basket fences made of willow brush or hazel. They were intertwined horizontally with pegs driven into the ground. Such a fence could have been used to separate the farm from the gardens or from the road. Fences made of loose stones were rare. Rail fences began to be built in the 20th century.
The Folk Architecture Museum in Sanok is the only place on the map of the Podkarpackie Province, but also on the map of the country, where you can see elements of material and non-material culture of the ethnographic group of Dolinians to this day. Material culture is primarily the presented Doliniańskie cottages with their full equipment. You can see a cottage from Sanok Dąbrówka from 1681. This present-day district of Sanok was inhabited by Ruthenian families, and to this day there is a Greek Catholic church in this part of the city. The building of the cottage transferred to the open-air museum presents a typical layout of a single-building homestead, where a room, a chamber, a hall, a stable, and a playground are located under one common roof. A characteristic arcade is located between the room and the playing field. The furnishings typical of the interwar interior were enriched with decorations referring to the Christmas period. Another cottage is a building from Posada Olchowska (present-day Sanok district) from 1880. The owner was a wheelwright and until 1918 the building also functioned as his workplace. The interior of the building was reconstructed at the beginning of the 20th century in the room, apart from household appliances: beds, wardrobes, and a table, the equipment of a wheeler workshop was presented. Chałupa z Glinnego is also an example of a valley building. The residential and economic building was built by a returnee from America around 1925. It is a newer type of valley buildings that did not appear until the 20th century. An interesting element of the building is the porch in front of the entrance. It was supposed to emphasize the higher economic status of the owner. The interior has been adapted for temporary exhibitions.
A one-building homestead from Tyrawa Solna from around 1910. It is a typical building with an arcade in the middle of the building. The cottage has a gable roof covered with tiles. The interior, in which the original layout of the rooms has been preserved, is intended for exhibition purposes.
A one-building homestead from Nadolany was built in 1866. It belonged to J. Wielgus. It does not have a characteristic arcade, in order to enter the room one has to cross a wide pitch. Even after World War II, the village of Nadolany was famous for the production of spoons, spindles, troughs and other wooden items. That is why the interior presents the 1950s, when the farmer and his two sons worked on making spoons. There was work in one room. In the interwar period, spoon makers with their products reached Lviv in the east, Bardejów in the south, Jasło in the west, and Rzeszów in the north. Nowadays, skating is completely lost. Only during the fairs organized on the premises of the museum, you can buy spoons brought from other areas and made mainly mechanically. Traditional skating in this area has not been recreated. The inn from Liszna from around 1890 belonged to F. Pastuszak. Inside, there are two living rooms on one side and a spacious bar room on the other. The inn had a basement, which was not reconstructed on the premises of the museum. An interesting fact is that during World War II, the owner hid soldiers from Soviet reconnaissance in the inn building. Currently, the building is not equipped. The last single-building homestead presented in the ethnographic group of Dolinians at the Museum of Folk Architecture in Sanok is the reconstructed building from the village of Nowosiółki. A copy of a brick farm from 1910 is intended for a permanent exhibition devoted to icon painting. The exhibition "Icons from the 15th to the 20th century from the collection of the Folk Architecture Museum in Sanok" includes over 200 icons from the former borderland. Many of the presented icons come from the no longer existing churches that were located in the Dolinian group. The museum also has in its collection Dolinyński costumes (for men and women) presented at the temporary exhibition. Thanks to such extensive collections on the Dolinians, the Folk Architecture Museum in Sanok becomes the only place where we can get acquainted with this no longer existing ethnographic group.
In the town of Czerteż near Sanok, we will see a beautiful wooden church, which was the Greek Catholic parish church of St. Transfiguration of the Lord. The temple was built in 1742 and the founder was the local priest Jan Pacławski12. The wooden temple is oriented, it was built on a stone foundation. It has an onion-shaped dome over the nave and gable roofs covered with shingles. Unfortunately, the iconostasis and interior fittings have not survived. Until the resettlement of the local population, there was an iconostasis built after the synod of Lviv in 1891 inside. Some of the icons from this temple are in the Museum of Folk Architecture in Sanok. In front of the temple, in the same axis, there is a wooden belfry built in a carcass pillar structure, with timbered boards. It was built in 1887 by the carpenter Seń Kikta. The temple from the 1960s until 1995 functioned as a Roman Catholic church. She has now returned to the Greek Catholic rite.
Another wooden Orthodox church can be seen near Czerteż in Jurowce. Temple of st. George was built in 1873. The three-part temple is oriented. Each of the three parts of the temple's roof structure is crowned with octagonal drums. Next to the church, there is a brick screen belfry from 1905. No iconostasis has been preserved inside. Since 1946, the temple has been used as a Roman Catholic church.
When the village of Olchowce was incorporated into Sanok in 1973, a Greek Catholic church was incorporated into the town's borders. Temple of Wniebowpisienia Pańskiego was built in 1844. The building is oriented, wooden, three-part, carcass construction, shingled, externally bipartite. Inside, the nineteenth-century iconostasis has been preserved, but during the adaptation to the Roman Catholic church, the central part of the iconostasis was moved back into the chancel. There are valuable seventeenth and eighteenth century old Russian prints in the temple. After the expulsion of the Greek Catholics, the temple was closed. In the 1950s, the then authorities tried to demolish the temple. The attitude of the inhabitants of Olchowce saved it from being demolished and handed over to the Roman Catholic church. Next to the temple there is a brick screen belfry from the first half of the 19th century. Twentieth century
There is also another temple not far from Sanok. It is a brick church. Holy Trinity in Międzybrodzie. It was built in the years 1899-1900 from the foundation of Aleksander Wajcowicz. The church was built on a Greek cross plan, topped with a central dome. Inside, a beautiful iconostasis from 1900, whose author was Bogdanowicz from Lviv, has been preserved. An interesting fact located in the local cemetery is the tomb of the Dobrzański and Kulczycki families, erected in the form of a pyramid, which was a reference to the oriental interests of Dr. Włodzimierz Kulczycki and his son Jerzy. To this day, the story of the first church in this town is being passed on among the inhabitants. It says that when the church was to be built, the waters of the San threw the old bell on the shore, coming from the old church on Mount Horodyszcze. The inhabitants took it as a sign and put a new temple in the place indicated by God. It was also said that the bell was lifted out of the ground and left, and it moved inexplicably upstairs, indicating the site of the church's construction.
Undoubtedly, one of the most beautiful and valuable architectural monuments of the Sanok region is the Orthodox church in Ulucz. The date of construction was adopted on the basis of dendronochronological research for the year 1659. Which places this object anyway as one of the oldest wooden churches in Poland. The temple is dedicated to the Ascension of the Lord, until today, on this day, services are held in the church. Inside, a valuable polychrome from 1682–1683 has been preserved, depicting scenes of the Lord's Passion, arranged in six rows and topped with a crucifixion. Inside the church, a reconstruction of the iconostasis is displayed. The original is in the collection of the Folk Architecture Museum in Sanok. The authors of the iconostasis were Stefan Dżengałowycz and Michał Liszecki. Dated back to 1682, with the tsarist gate from the 18th century.
Greek Catholic Church of Dobra Szlachecka st. Nicholas was erected in 1879 on the site of the previous one. The church has a log structure, three-sectioned and oriented. Inside, a polychrome and an iconostasis made in the years 1899-1904 by Antoni and Michał Bogdański have been preserved. Currently, the temple is used by the Roman Catholic church. The free-standing gate bell tower is a more valuable object in the vicinity of the temple. Built in the 17th century, the lower storey is made of stone. The upper storey, covered with a ceiling, housed an archaic iconostasis, which has not survived, but the openings for tsar and deacon gates in the tower structure and a room for the altar have been preserved. According to folk tradition, there was a separate church here. Currently, it is most often stated that there was a chapel here.
A tourist attraction is undoubtedly also rafting on the San River. For several years, pontoon trips have been offered to everyone (including families with children).
The text comes from the study "INVENTORY OF CULTURAL RESOURCES OF THE BORDERLAND" realized by the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University for the District Museum in Rzeszów.
Author: Mr. Marcin Krowiak.
"Doliniańskie huts are still built in an old-fashioned way, with corners cut into the chaff, the ends of which are projected 15-20 cm in front of the hut and cut evenly. Characteristic for huts from the vicinity of Sanok (Dąbrówka Ruska and Polska, Mokre, etc. is the so-called arcades, i.e. a deep rectangular recess in the front wall through which the road leads to the hall, the stables and the playing field. The building is covered with a tall hip rafter roof covered with straw, the edge of the roof creates a wide eaves around the hut, thanks to the interesting structure of additional rafter legs. gray clay, today they are mostly whitewashed, only in Odrzechowa and Mokry huts painted red with burnt clay predominate. Living rooms are today. but refreshed by scraping off the soot with a sharp cleaver.
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